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Applications
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Science
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-Within Water-body Management: A Needed but Neglected Complement to Watershed
Management Hudnell, H.K. (2010), Clean Technology and Environmental Policy, 12(3), 205-207.
Recent assessments by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency indicate that 44% of river
and stream miles and 64% of lake and reservoir acres are impaired pursuant to section 305(b)
of the U.S. Clean Water Act (E.P.A. 2009). The impairments are caused by the transfer of
nutrients, toxic substances and pathogens from watersheds, and to a lesser extent airsheds,
to receiving waters.
-Toxicon: The State of U.S. Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms Assessments, Policy and
Legislation Hudnell, H.K. (2010), Toxicon, 55, 1024-1034.
The incidence of harmful algal blooms (HABs) is increasing in the United States and worldwide.
HAB toxins cause a substantial but unquantified amount of human and animal morbidity and
mortality from exposures in recreational, commercial and drinking-source and potable waters.
HAB biomass and toxins threaten the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. U.S. Congressional
legislation mandated the establishment of a National Research Plan for Coastal Harmful Algal
Blooms, but no similar plan exists for freshwater HABs (FHABs).
-Harmful Algae: Freshwater Harmful Algal Bloom (FHAB) Suppression with Solar Powered
Circulation (SPC)Hudnell, HK et al. (2010) Harmful Algae, 9:208-217.
Freshwater harmful algal blooms (FHABs) incidence is increasing worldwide, presenting
risks for human and animal health, aquatic-ecosystem sustainability and economic vitality.
Increasing nutrient input to freshwater, increasing temperatures and decreasing flow rates
that create quiescent or stagnant waters are primary causes of increasing incidence.
Ecological approaches to FHAB control target these causes to reduce FHAB incidence without
adversely impacting aquatic ecosystems.
-A Synopsis of Research Needs Identified at the Interagency, International Symposium on
Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (ISOC-HAB), Hudnell, KH and Dortch, Q (2008) In:
Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms: State of the Science and Research Needs [Ed. HK
Hudnell], Chapter 2, Springer, New York; Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology,
619:17-44.
Evidence indicates that the incidence of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) is
increasing in spatial extent and temporal frequency worldwide. Cyanobacterial blooms
produce highly potent toxins and huge, noxious biomasses in surface waters used for
recreation, commerce, and as drinking water sources. The Interagency, International
Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (ISOC-HAB) characterized the state
of the science and identified research needed to address the risks posed by CHABs to
human health and ecosystem sustainability.
-An Overview of the Interagency, International Symposium on Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal
Blooms (ISOC-HAB): Advancing the Scientific Understanding of Freshwater Harmful Algal
Blooms Hudnell, HK et al. (2008) In: Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms: State of the
Science and Research Needs [Ed. HK Hudnell], Chapter 1, Springer, New York; Advances
in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 619: 1-16.
There is growing evidence that the spatial and temporal incidence of harm ful algal blooms
is increasing, posing potential risks to human health and ecosystem sustainability. Currently
there are no US Federal guidelines, Water Quality Criteria and Standards, or regulations
concerning the management of harmful algal blooms. Algal blooms in freshwater are
predominantly cyanobacteria, some of which produce highly potent cyanotoxins.
-Scientific Assessment of Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms. Lopez, CB et al. (2008)
Interagency Working Group on Harmful Algal Blooms, Hypoxia, and Human Health of
the Joint Subcommittee on Ocean Science and Technology. Washington, DC.
Freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) are comprised of algae that either create health
hazards for humans or animals through the production of toxins or bioactive compounds or
that cause deterioration of water quality through the build-up of high biomass, which degrades
aesthetic, ecological, and recreational values. While freshwater HABs occur naturally, human
actions that disturb ecosystems in the form of increased nutrient loadings and pollution,
modified hydrology, and introduced species have been linked to the increased occurrence
of some freshwater HABs.
-Chronic biotoxin-associated illness: Multiple-system symptoms, a vision deficit, and effective
treatment Hudnell, HK (2005) Neurotoxicology & Teratology, 27:733-743.
Blooms of toxigenic organisms have increased in spatial and temporal extent due to human
activities and natural forces that alter ecologic habitats and pollute the environment. In aquatic
environments, harmful algal blooms pose a risk for human health, the viability of organisms,
and the sustainability of ecosystems. The estuarine dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida, was
discovered in the late 1980s at North Carolina State University as a contaminant in fish
cultures. P.
-Human Visual Function in the North Carolina Clinical Study on Possible Estuary-Associated
Syndrome Hudnell, HK et al., (2001) J Toxicology and Environmental Health, 62:575-594.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency assisted the North Carolina Department of Health
and Human Services in conducting a case study to investigate the potential for an association
between fish kills in the North Carolina estuary system and the risk of persistent health effects.
Impetus for the study was recent evidence suggesting that estuarine dinoflagellates including
members of the toxic Pfiesteria complex (TPC), P. piscicida and P. schumwayae, may
release a toxin(s) that kills fish and adversely affects human health.
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